Tag: Osteoporosis

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Oblique lumbar interbody fusion combined with stress end plate augmentation and anterolateral screw fixation for degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis with osteoporosis

The Spine Journal 23 (2023) 523−532

Oblique lumbar interbody fusion (OLIF) has been proven to be effective in treating degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis (DLSS). Whether OLIF is suitable for treating patients with DLSS with osteoporosis (OP) is still controversial. Bone cement augmentation is widely used to enhance the internal fixation strength of osteoporotic spines. However, the effectiveness of OLIF combined with bone cement stress end plate augmentation (SEA) and anterolateral screw fixation (AF) for DLSS with OP have not confirmed yet.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical, radiological, and functional outcomes of OLIF-AF versus OLIF-AF-SEA in the treatment of DLSS with OP.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case-control study.

PATIENT SAMPLE: A total of 60 patients with OP managed for DLSS at L4−L5.

OUTCOME MEASURES: Visual analog scale (VAS) score of the lower back and leg, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), disk height (DH), lumbar lordosis (LL), segmental lordosis (SL), cage subsidence and fusion rate.

METHODS: The study was performed as a retrospective matched-pair case‒controlled study. Patients with OP managed for DLSS at L4−L5 between October 2017 and June 2020 and completed at least 2 years of follow-up were included, which were 30 patients treated by OLIF-AF and 30 patients undergoing OLIF-AF-SEA. The demographics and radiographic data, fusion status and functional outcomes were therefore compared to evaluate the efficacy of the two approaches.

RESULTS: Pain and disability improved similarly in both groups at the 24-month follow-up. However, the SEA group had lower pain and functional disability at 3 months postoperatively (p<.05). The mean postoperative disc height decrease (4DH) was significantly lower in the SEA group than in the control group (1.17§0.81 mm vs 2.89§2.03 mm; p<.001). There was no significant difference in lumbar lordosis (LL) or segmental lordosis (SL) between the groups preoperatively and 1 day postoperatively. However, a statistically significant difference was observed in SL and LL between the groups at 24 months postoperatively (p<.05). CS was observed in 4 cases (13.33%) in the SEA group and 17 cases (56.67%) in the control group (p<.001). A nonsignificant difference was observed in the fusion rate between the SEA and control groups (p=.347) at 24 months postoperatively.

CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed that OLIF-AF-SEA was safe and effective in the treatment of DLSS with OP. Compared with OLIF-AF, OLIF-AF-SEA results in a minor postoperative disc height decrease, a lower rate of CS, better sagittal balance, and no adverse effect on interbody fusion.

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A Retrospective Analysis in 1347 Patients Undergoing Cement Augmentation for Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fracture: Is the Sandwich Vertebra at a Higher Risk of Further Fracture?

Neurosurgery 88(2) 2021: 342–348

Multiple percutaneous vertebral cement augmentation may create sandwich vertebrae. Whether the sandwich vertebra is at higher risk of further fracture remains unknown.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the incidence of further fractures of sandwich vertebrae and adjacent vertebrae and to identify potential risk factors for sandwich vertebral fractures.

METHODS: Patients who underwent cement augmentation for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs) in a single medical center between January 2012 and December 2015 were included. A sandwich vertebra was defined as an intact vertebra located between 2 previously cemented vertebrae. Demographic data and imaging findings were recorded. All patients were followed up for at least 24 mo postoperatively. During follow-up period, if the patient reported new-onset back pain with corresponding imaging findings, a diagnosis of sandwich vertebral fracture was made.

RESULTS: Among the 1347 patients who underwent vertebroplasty/kyphoplasty for OVCFs, 127 patients with 128 fracture levels met the criteria for sandwich vertebrae (females/males 100/27,mean age 77.8±7.7 yr old). The fracture locationwas most common in the thoraco-lumbar junction (T10-L2), 68.5% (87/127). The incidence of sandwich vertebral fracturewas 21.3%,whereas the incidence of adjacent level fracture of those with no sandwich vertebra was 16.4% (196/1194), P= .1879.

CONCLUSION: The incidence of sandwich vertebral fracture is not higher than that at the adjacent levels. The factor associated with further sandwich vertebral fracture was male gender. Once sandwich vertebral fracture occurred, patients may seek more surgical intervention than those with only adjacent fractures.

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Management of the Elderly With Vertebral Compression Fractures

Management of the Elderly With Vertebral Compression Fractures

Neurosurgery 77:S33–S45, 2015

Vertebral compression fractures (VCFs) are the most common type of fracture secondary to osteoporosis. These fractures are associated with significant rates of morbidity and mortality and annual direct medical expenditures of more than $1 billion in the United States. Although many patients will respond favorably to nonsurgical care of their VCF, contemporary natural history data suggest that more than 40% of patients may fail to achieve significant pain relief within 12 months of symptom onset. As a result, percutaneous vertebral augmentation is often used to hasten symptom resolution and return of function. However, controversy regarding the role of kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty in the treatment of symptomatic VCFs exists.

The purposes of this review are (1) to outline the epidemiology of VCFs as well as the physical morbidity and economic impact of these injuries, (2) to familiarize the reader with the best available evidence surrounding the operative and nonoperative treatment of VCFs, and (3) to examine the literature pertaining to the cost-effectiveness of surgical management of VCFs with the overarching goal of helping physicians make informed decisions regarding symptomatic VCF treatment.

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Sacroplasty for Cancer-Associated Insufficiency Fractures

Sacroplasty for Cancer-Associated Insufficiency Fractures

Neurosurgery 76:446–450, 2015

Tumor-associated sacral insufficiency fractures (SIF) present a significant clinical challenge. As survival increases for many malignancies, sacral fractures associated with metastases, sacral or extended pelvic radiation, and paraneoplastic osteoporosis are increasingly common and yet remain difficult to treat in the setting of the potentially significant morbidity of open sacral surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To describe our prospective experience with sacroplasty for tumor-associated lesions, including the largest series to date of radiation-induced SIF.

METHODS: Twenty-five patients with symptomatic SIF underwent 31 percutaneous fluoroscopy-guided sacroplasties with a median 5.8 mL of polymethyl methacrylate or a ceramic-resin composite under fluoroscopic guidance and with concurrent biopsy acquisition. Eighteen patients had fractures related to previous sacral or pelvic radiation; 4 had viable lytic lesions; and 2 had oncology-related osteoporosis. Postoperative pain reduction, procedural morbidity, and functional outcomes were recorded.

RESULTS: Twenty of 25 patients (80%) had reduction in their visual analog pain score at a median follow-up of 6.5 months; no patients worsened. The mean visual analog scale score decreased from 8.8 to 4.7 postprocedurally (P < .001), with significant reductions regardless of the underlying pathology (P < .001 to P < .05). Six of 13 patients with pretreatment ambulatory impairment required fewer ambulatory aids and 3 were newly ambulatory. Extravertebral cement migration was noted in 18 procedures; however, no instance was clinically relevant. Six repeat or contralateral procedures were performed. No morbidity was encountered.

CONCLUSION: Sacroplasty is a safe and effective option for the palliation of sacral fractures in the oncologic population.

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Randomized controlled trial of percutaneous vertebroplasty versus optimal medical management for the relief of pain and disability in acute osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures

J Neurosurg Spine 14:561–569, 2011. DOI: 10.3171/2010.12.SPINE10286

Osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (VCFs) are a major cause of increased morbidity in older patients. This randomized controlled trial compared the efficacy of percutaneous vertebroplasty (PV) versus optimal medical therapy (OMT) in controlling pain and improving the quality of life (QOL) in patients with VCFs. Efficacy was measured as the incidence of new vertebral fractures after PV, restoration of vertebral body height (VBH), and correction of deformity.

Methods. Of 105 patients with acute osteoporotic VCFs, 82 were eligible for participation: 40 patients underwent PV and 42 received OMT. Primary outcomes were control of pain and improvement in QOL before treatment, and these were measured at 1 week and at 2, 6, 12, 24, and 36 months after the beginning of the treatment. Radiological evaluation to measure VBH and sagittal index was performed before and after treatment in both groups and after 36 months of follow-up.

Results. The authors found a statistically significant improvement in pain in the PV group compared with the OMT group at 1 week (difference -3.1, 95% CI -3.72 to -2.28; p < 0.001). The QOL improved significantly in the PV group (difference -14, 95% CI -15 to -12.82; p < 0.028). One week after PV, the average VBH restoration was 8 mm and the correction of deformity was 8°. The incidence of new fractures in the OMT group (13.3%) was higher than in the PV group (2.2%; p < 0.01).

Conclusions. The PV group had statistically significant improvements in visual analog scale and QOL scores maintained over 24 months, improved VBH maintained over 36 months, and fewer adjacent-level fractures compared with the OMT group.

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A Comparative Analysis of the Results of Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty in Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fractures

Neurosurgery 67[ONS Suppl 1]:ons171-ons188, 2010 DOI: 10.1227/01.NEU.0000380936.00143.11

The most common complication of osteoporosis is vertebral fractures, which occur more frequently than all other fractures (hip, wrist, and ankle).

OBJECTIVE: To prospectively analyze vertebroplasty compared with kyphoplasty for the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures using improvement in pain, functional capacity, and quality of life as outcome measures.

METHODS: The study population included 28 patients in the vertebroplasty group and 24 patients in the kyphoplasty group. The mean follow-up period was 42.2 weeks and 42.3 weeks in the vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty groups, respectively. Outcomes were measured pre- and postoperatively using the visual analogue scale, the Oswestry Disability Index, the EuroQol-5D questionnaire, and the Short-Form 36 Health Survey.

RESULTS: In the vertebroplasty group, visual analogue scale scores improved from a mean of 8.0 cm to 5.5 cm at last follow-up (P = .001). Preoperatively, the Oswestry Disability Index was 57.6, which improved to 38.4 (P = .006). The EuroQol-5D score preoperatively was 0.157 and improved to 0.504 (P = .001). The Short-Form 36 Health Survey showed greatest improvement in the areas of physical health, role physical, body pain, and vitality. In the kyphoplasty group, visual analogue scale scores improved from a mean of 7.5 cm preoperatively to 2.5 cm postoperatively (P = .000001). The mean Oswestry Disability Index preoperatively was 50.7 and improved to 28.8 (P = .002). The EuroQol-5D score improved from a mean of 0.234 preoperatively to 0.749 (P = .00004). The Short-Form 36 Health Survey showed greatest improvement in the areas of physical health, physical functioning, role physical, body pain, and social functioning.

CONCLUSION: Both vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty are effective at improving pain, functional disability, and quality of life; however, kyphoplasty provides better results, which are maintained over long-term follow-up.

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